Long-term responses of disturbance-associated birds after different timber harvests

Timber harvest provides favorable habitat for many species of shrub-dependent birds. Because of historical dominance, effect of clearcutting on early successional birds has been widely studied, but less information is available on alternatives such as shelterwood and group selection, which have become a more dominant means of regenerating pines (Pinus spp.) on federal lands of the southeastern US. We compared detection of 12 species of early successional forest birds prior to harvest and at various intervals for 16 years after harvest in stands subjected to clearcutting, shelterwood, single-tree selection, and group-selection harvests. We also compared detection rates of these species between harvested and unharvested control stands. Detection rate for all early successional species combined peaked 5 years after harvest and was greatest in clearcuts 5–12 years after harvest. Clearcuts retained some species for longer periods than other treatments. Hooded warbler (Setophaga citrine) and Kentucky warbler (Opo-rornis formosus) benefitted more from partial harvesting than clearcutting; partially harvested areas had increased understory shrub abundance but retained overstory trees. Detections of many species were lower in group selection stands than other harvested treatments, likely because openings were too small for area-sensitive species. Due to the level of overstory removal, shelterwoods likely provided the closest alternative to clearcutting and retained all the species found in clearcuts; shelterwoods also provided habitat to species rare in clearcuts, including hooded and Kentucky warbler. In terms of presence and absence, regeneration methods other than clearcutting provided habitat for most early successional species , but densities of birds are likely lower. Thus, greater expanses of harvesting may be needed to sustain populations of some early successional birds at levels similar to those under even-aged systems that use clearcutting as the primary regeneration method. Many birds are adapted to different forest successional stages for breeding, with some species breeding in mature forests and others breeding in young, regenerating forests dominated by abundant shrubs or young trees (e.g., Titterington et al., 1979; Thompson and Capen, 1988). Birds that breed in disturbed forest take advantage of shrubby, early successional habitats, and are referred to by various authors as shrub specialists, shrubland birds, or early successional birds. These species are undergoing more consistent declines than species that breed in mature forest habi-Part of this decline may be attributed to reductions in habitat. In the last 50 years, the expanse of early successional habitat (including young regenerating forests) has declined throughout many areas of …